 youatt, qui diu in hortis zoologicis (bestiariis) medicus animalium erat, vir in rebus observandis cautus et sagax, hoc mihi certissime probavit, et curatores ejusdem loci et alii e ministris confirmaverunt. |
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| sir andrew smith et brehm notabant idem in cynocephalo. illustrissimus cuvier etiam narrat multa de hac re, qua ut opinor, nihil turpius potest indicari inter omnia hominibus et quadrumanis communia. narrat enim cynocephalum quendam in furorem incidere aspectu feminarum aliquarem, sed nequaquam accendi tanto furore ab omnibus. semper eligebat juniores, et dignoscebat in turba, et advocabat voce gestuque.), to the birth and nurturing of the young. monkeys are born in almost as helpless a condition as our own infants; and in certain genera the young differ fully as much in appearance from the adults, as do our children from their full-grown parents. this remark is made with respect to cynocephalus and the anthropomorphous apes by geoffroy saint-hilaire and f. | |
| ) it has been urged by some writers, as an important distinction, that with man the young arrive at maturity at a much later age than with any other animal: but if we look to the races of mankind which inhabit tropical countries the difference is not great, for the orang is believed not to be adult till the age of from ten to fifteen years., as well as in mind, in the same manner as do the two sexes of many mammals. so that the correspondence in general structure, in the minute structure of the tissues, in chemical composition and in constitution, between man and the higher animals, especially the anthropomorphous apes, is extremely close. | |
| shows a human embryo, from ecker, and a dog embryo, from bischoff. vertebral columns and muscles in process of development. the embryo itself at a very early period can hardly be distinguished from that of other members of the vertebrate kingdom. at this period the arteries run in arch-like branches, as if to carry the blood to branchiae which are not present in the higher vertebrata, though the slits on the sides of the neck still remain (see f, g, fig. at a somewhat later period, when the extremities are developed, "the feet of lizards and mammals," as the illustrious von baer remarks, "the wings and feet of birds, no less than the hands and feet of man, all arise from the same fundamental form.), "quite in the later stages of development that the young human being presents marked differences from the young ape, while the latter departs as much from the dog in its developments, as the man does. startling as this last assertion may appear to be, it is demonstrably true. | |
| this embryo was ten lines in length, so that the drawing is much magnified. this drawing is five times magnified, the embryo being twenty-five days old. the internal viscera have been omitted, and the uterine appendages in both drawings removed. i was directed to these figures by prof. haeckel has also given analogous drawings in his 'schopfungsgeschichte. it may, however, be added, that the human embryo likewise resembles certain low forms when adult in various points of structure. for instance, the heart at first exists as a simple pulsating vessel; the excreta are voided through a cloacal passage; and the os coccyx projects like a true tail, "extending considerably beyond the rudimentary legs. wyman in 'proceedings of the american academy of sciences,' vol.) in the embryos of all air-breathing vertebrates, certain glands, called the corpora wolffiana, correspond with, and act like the kidneys of mature fishes.) even at a later embryonic period, some striking resemblances between man and the lower animals may be observed. | |
| bischoff says that the convolutions of the brain in a human foetus at the end of the seventh month reach about the same stage of development as in a baboon when adult.), "which forms the fulcrum when standing or walking, is perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity in the human structure;" but in an embryo, about an inch in length, prof.) found "that the great toe was shorter than the others; and, instead of being parallel to them, projected at an angle from the side of the foot, thus corresponding with the permanent condition of this part in the quadrumana.) who after asking, does man originate in a different way from a dog, bird, frog or fish? says, "the reply is not doubtful for a moment; without question, the mode of origin, and the early stages of the development of man, are identical with those of the animals immediately below him in the scale: without a doubt in these respects, he is far nearer to apes than the apes are to the dog. | |
| this subject, though not intrinsically more important than the two last, will for several reasons be treated here more fully. i had written a rough copy of this chapter before reading a valuable paper, "caratteri rudimentali in ordine all' origine dell' uomo" ('annuario della soc. canestrini, to which paper i am considerably indebted. haeckel has given admirable discussions on this whole subject, under the title of dysteleology, in his 'generelle morphologie' and 'schopfungsgeschichte. | |
| ') not one of the higher animals can be named which does not bear some part in a rudimentary condition; and man forms no exception to the rule. rudimentary organs must be distinguished from those that are nascent; though in some cases the distinction is not easy. the former are either absolutely useless, such as the mammae of male quadrupeds, or the incisor teeth of ruminants which never cut through the gums; or they are of such slight service to their present possessors, that we can hardly suppose that they were developed under the conditions which now exist. organs in this latter state are not strictly rudimentary, but they are tending in this direction. nascent organs, on the other hand, though not fully developed, are of high service to their possessors, and are capable of further development. rudimentary organs are eminently variable; and this is intelligible, as are useless, or useless, and consequently are longer subjected to natural selection. | |
| they often become wholly suppressed. when this occurs, they are liable to reappearance through reversion-- a circumstance well worthy of . the chief agents in organs to rudimentary seem to been disuse at period of when the organ is used (and this is generally during maturity), and also inheritance at period of life.. .. |